Archive for 2012

Hortatory Exposition


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Definition Of Hortatory Exposition :
A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of Hortatory exposition usually has three components: (1) Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Recommendation.
A.Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition

1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments
B.Generic Features of Hortatory Exposition
1.A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.
2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3.It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc.
4.It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
5.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.
Now read this text of Hortatory Exposition!


A Campaign of the Importance of Reading
Thesis:
Reading habit is poor among Indonesians because most people haven’t realized the importance of reading
Argument 1
Reading is important to transform knowledge and technology. By reading, one knows the world. He or she will understand what he doesn’t see by himself or herself. The lines of the paragraphs in an article contain pieces of knowledge. The knowledge is needed to improve the quality of human’s life. Technology transformation from other country can only be done by reading a lot various sources of literature. Valuable books in libraries and bookstores mean nothing if they are not read.
Argument 2
Realizing the importance of reading will make someone motivated to read. When we know that something is very important because it can give us valuable information, we will try to get or do the thing. For example, a businessman who always follows latest information or news, will know what to do in his/ her business. He will make a good decision to make a transaction. Most people in all developed countries have realized the importance or reading and they have good reading habits. In bus and train stations, vehicles, waiting rooms, parks, people like reading. They enjoy reading which gives them valuable knowledge and inspiration.
Argument 3
A good understanding toward the importance of reading can be achieved by well organized and effective campaign. To plant an understanding in a generation’s minds is not an easy job. It needs a hard work from all components of the nation, especially the government. A serious campaign which is organized by the central and local government can help common people wake up and stand to face the real competition. The campaign can be done through various kinds of mass media such as TV, radio, booklets, bulletins, newspapers, magazines. It can also be conducted by teachers, parents and all people who care.
Recommendation
Therefore, a nation-wide effective campaign of the importance of reading by all components of the nation should be done, facilitated by the government, to face the tighter competition. The world has forced globalization. Those people with little knowledge will be left behind. To speed up the better change in this country, a good reading habit is really important.
Read this text of Hortatory exposition!
Corruption
Thesis
(Announcement of issue concern)
Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. It’s just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.
Argument 1
The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They even bribe the officials.
Argument 2
Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by corruption.
Recommendation
I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction.
Adapted from: The Jakarta Post, February 2005
To make it clear, please remember the concept of Hortatory exposition below:
HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Purpose : to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case.
Text Organization
A thesis
Arguments
Recommendation
Language Features:
•The use of emotive words (e.g. worried, alarmed etc)
•The use of words that qualify statements (e.g. usual, probably etc)
•The use of words that link arguments (e.g. firstly, However, therefore etc)
•The use of compound and complex sentence
•The use of modals and adverbs (e.g. may, must, should, etc)
•The use of subjective opinions using pronouns I and we

WEATHER REPORTS AND TABLE/GRAPHS


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1.   WEATHER REPORTS
Definition : Weather Report or weather forecast is a prediction of weather, often for a specific locality, in a newspaper, on the radio or television. The weather is predicted through application of principles of physics and mateorogy.
Function:                                                                   
      To protect life and property.
       Temperature and precipitation, it is important for agriculture,
       For commodities traders in the stock market.
       Climate forecasts are used by utility companies   to estimate demand over coming days.
       To decide what to wear on a given day
       To plan activities,
       To plan ahead and survive.
Example of Weather Reports
Good morning. This is Andrea Giselle with weather report. It will be rainy this morning in almost all parts of town, followed by slight showers. However, the showers will not last for long time. By early afternoon it it ill be synny until late afternoon, followed by heavy rain in the evening in to the night. Thank you.
2.   TABLES
Definition : The table is a summary of a list of data that informs the form of numbers, arranged by applying, in sequence down certain paths and rows using the row delimiter.
 
Function
      Describes a fact or information in brief, clear, and more interesting than words.
      To compare the amount of data.
How to read table?
      Observe first title.
      Observe the columns in the table.
      Find the striking difference in the data is either the lowest or the highest average, count if necessary. 
3.   GRAPHS
Definition :Graph is a painting or a tidal rise and fall of a state represented by a line or drawing the ups and downs of a data.
Function
      Enables delivery of complex information more easily.
      Can provide a snapshot of information in a clear, simple, interesting, and effective.
      To compare the amount of data.
How to read ?
      Observe the chart title first.
      Observe the right lane and the left or down with respect to the number.
      Find the striking difference in the data.
      Pull conclusions from the data and describe
There are three basic kinds of graphs:
1)                  Circle graph.
2)                  Bar graph.
3)                  Line graph.
1.     Circle Graph
Definition :
A circle graph is a graph in the form of a circle that is divided into sectors, with each sector representing a part of a set of data.
2.     Bar Graph
Definition :
Bar graphs are an excellent way to show results that are one time, that aren't continuous - especially samplings such as surveys, inventories, etc.
3.     Line Graph
Definition :
       A graph that uses points connected by lines to show how something changes in value (as time goes by, or as something else happens).

SO, TOO, EITHER, NEITHER


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SO AND TOO 

 
 Definition :

The word 'so' and 'too' are useed to combine two positive statement with identical predicates to form a compound sentences.

Formula :
so + auxiliary verb + subject
subject + auxiliaey verb + too
Example :
Radit likes playing football. Yohanes also likes playing football.
-Radit likes playing  football and so does Yohanes
-Radit likes playing  football and Yohanes does too 

Either and Neither
Definition
The word 'either' and 'neither' to combine two negative statements with identicalpredicates to form a compound sentence.

Formula:

Subject +  auxiliaey verb + not + either
neither + auxiliaey verb + subject

Example:

  Deby is not doing her homework now. Otis is also not doing her homework.

-Alvin is not doing her homework now and Iqbal is not either
-Alvin is not doing his homework now and neither is Iqbal

DEFINITE & INDEFINITE PRONOUN


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Definite and Indefinite pronoun
An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:
  • all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone
Note that many indefinite pronouns also function as other parts of speech. Look at "another" in the following sentences:
  • He has one job in the day and another at night. (pronoun)
  • I'd like another drink, please. (adjective)
Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. However, some of them can be singular in one context and plural in another. The most common indefinite pronouns are listed below, with examples, as singular, plural or singular/plural. 
Notice that a singular
 pronoun takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree (in number and gender). Look at these examples:


  • Each of the players has a doctor.
  • I met two girls. One has given me her phone number.
Similarly, plural pronouns need plural agreement: 


  • Many have expressed their views.
pronoun
meaning
example
singular
another
an additional or different person or thing
That ice-cream was good. Can I have another?
anybody/anyone
no matter what person
Can anyone answer this question?
anything
no matter what thing
The doctor needs to know if you have eatenanything in the last two hours.
each
every one of two or more people or things, seen separately
Each has his own thoughts.
either
one or the other of two people or things
Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind.Either is good for me.
enough
as much or as many as needed
Enough is enough.
everybody/everyone
all people
We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.
everything
all things
They have no house or possessions. They losteverything in the earthquake.
less
a smaller amount
"Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe)
little
a small amount
Little is known about his early life.
much
a large amount
Much has happend since we met.
neither
not one and not the other of two people or things
I keep telling Jack and Jill but neither believes me.
nobody/no-one
no person
I phoned many times butnobody answered.
nothing
no single thing, not anything
If you don't know the answer it's best to saynothing.
one
an unidentified person
Can one smoke here? | All the students arrived but now one is missing.
other
a different person or thing from one already mentioned
One was tall and theother was short.
somebody/someone
an unspecified or unknown person
Clearly somebodymurdered him. It was not suicide.
something
an unspecified or unknown thing
Listen! I just heardsomething! What could it be?
you
an unidentified person (informal)
And you can see why.
plural
both
two people or things, seen together
John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are good.
few
a small number of people or things
Few have ever disobeyed him and lived.
fewer
a reduced number of people or things
Fewer are smoking these days.
many
a large number of people or things
Many have come already.
others
other people; not us
I'm sure that othershave tried before us.
several
more than two but not many
They all complained andseveral left the meeting.
they
people in general (informal)
They say that vegetables are good for you.
singular or plural
all
the whole quantity of something or of some things or people
All is forgiven.
All
 have arrived.
any
no matter how much or how many
Is any left?
Are
 any coming?
more
a greater quantity of something; a greater number of people or things
There is more over there.
More
 are coming.
most
the majority; nearly all
Most is lost.
Most
 have refused.
none
not any; no person or persons
They fixed the water so why is none coming out of the tap?
I invited five friends butnone
 have come.*
some
an unspecified quantity of something; an unspecified number of people or things
Here is some.
Some
 have arrived.
such
of the type already mentioned
He was a foreigner and he felt that he was treated assuch.

* Some people say that "none" should always take a singular verb, even when talking about countable nouns (eg five friends). They argue that "none" means "no one", and "one" is obviously singular. They say that "I invited five friends but none
 has come" is correct and "I invited five friends but none have come" is incorrect. Historically and grammatically there is little to support this view. "None" has been used for hundreds of years with both a singular and a plural verb, according to the context and the emphasis required