Archive for Desember 2011

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> INVITATION


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Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
There are two types of invitations.

FORMAL INVITATION
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies, and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

INFORMAL INVITATION
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.

Competen of invitation is encompass all the menthods extending, accepting, and declining an invitation.

EXTENDING (Mengutarakan Maksud)
Examples:

  • Ø  How would you like …..?
    Ø  Would you like . . . . . . .?
    Ø  Do you want to . . . . . . .?
    Ø  Would you be interested in . . . . ing?
    Ø  How about . . . . . . . ing?
    Ø  I would like to invite you . . . . .?
    Ø  Let’s !

   

This time we only discuss about Verbal Invitation Extending (Mengundang) :
  • Ø  I would like to invite you to my birthday party.
  • Ø  Would you like to come my house’
  • Ø  How would you like to go to studying together.
  • Ø  If you are not busy, please try to come to my factory.
  • Ø  Are you free this evening?
  • Ø  Let’s go to Palangka Raya Mall.
  • Ø  Can you come?
  • Ø  Please to come.
  • Ø  We hope you’ll join us.

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> APPOINTMENT


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Making an appointment is a promise that is made by someone in his / her life to someone or other people.

Making an appointment
1.      I’d like to make an appointment with . . .
2.      I’d like to make an appointment to see . . .
3.      I’d like you to come and see me at  . . .
4.      I want to make an appointment to see . . .
5.      Can I come and see you?

Accepting an appointment
1.      All right, see you there.
2.      No problem. I’m free on.
3.      Be there on time.
4.      I’ll wait for you there.
5.      It’s a deal.

Changing an appointment
1.      Could we change the day (time) of the meeting?
2.      Would you mind if we change thye day of playing football?
3.      I’m sorry. I have another appointment. What about . . . ?
4.      I’d love to, but I can’t.
5.      Do you have another time this afternoon?

Cancelling an appointment
1.      I’m sorry. I’m very biusy.
2.      I’m terribly sorry I have put off my appointment in tomorrow morning.
3.      I’m afraid. I have to postpone my appointment with someone or people for now or future.

Example :
Rafly   : I’d like to visit your new house. Would tomorrow be a good time?
Ayu     : Sure. I’ll be waiting for you!

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> HAPPINESS EXPRESSIONS


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Happiness expression is an expression that is used to say that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

What is happiness?
►It’s important to first understand that is term “happiness” refers to the emotion, mood and state of happiness, however happiness researchers generally study the move enduring “state”.
►Expressing happiness is used to expression happiness feeling when we are successful to do something.

What would you say to express your happiness?
-          I’m happy . . .
-          I’m (very) pleasure / (really) delighted (about) . . .
-          I can’t say how pleased / delighted I am about it.
-          I am so glad to hear that.
-          Great!
-          Terrific!
-          Fantastic!
-          I’m glad now.

Example of happiness expression :
Mr. Punk         : Congratulations, Ayu! You’re the first winner and you get one million rupiah!
Ayu                 : Am I? Thank you very much.
Mr. Punk         : How do you feel, Ayu?
Ayu                 : It’s really give me great pleasure! I’m so happy!

I’m very happy, because how I can get together with my old friends. Oh, how I miss them.  I see that their appearances have not changed. Wima, the Winner Of  The Piano Competition, is playing us romantic music.

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> GAINING ATTENTION


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Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.

We may use the expression likes :
·         Attention, please!
·         May / can I have your attention, please!
·         Excuse me, look here!
·         Look me!
·         Listen to me, please!
·         Waiter?
·         I’m sorry, but…
·         Wow really?
·         Guess what!
·         I hope you can attention me!
·         Silent, please!
·         Be quite!
·         Don’t be noisy!

If we want to responding that gaining attention, we can use the expressions likes:
-          I’m listening!
-          I’m ready to hear now!
-          Let’s hear together!
-          Oh sure, I’m look at you now!
-          Okay, I’m listening to you!

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> SYMPATHY EXPRESSIONS


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Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people’s condition.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone?
We express it directly to him / her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio, newspaper if he / she who got the trouble is far from us.

This is some expressions of sympathy :
v  I’m sorry to hear that
v  I’m awfully sorry about…
v  Oh’ awful!
v  Oh, dear!
v  Oh, what a shame.
v  How pity you are!
v  I’m sorry for what happened.
v  Look! This is not the end of the world.
v  Oh, no!
v  I know how it feels.
v  How terrible / awful for you.

Example of dialogue that expression sympathy in a certain situation ;
Aisy     : Hi Ayu, will you join us to the beach?
Ayu     : I’d love to, but my parents don’t let me go.
Aisy     : That’s a pity you are. But it’s O.K. You can join us another time.

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> ANNOUNCEMENTS


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Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.
In writing an announcement, keep the following points:
-The title / type of event.
-Date / time, place, and
-Contact person.
An announcement usually starts with an expression to get people’s attention, such as “Attention, please”. It is usually ended with an expression of thanking.
For Example :
This is an announcement text are (to write) in a school.

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> RECOUNT TEXT


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Recount text is a text that is used to retell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.
Social Function : To retell past event for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

GENERIC STRUCTURE 
v  ORIENTATION
It’s about who was involved, what happened, where this event took place and when it happened.

v  EVENT (S)
It’s about what happened in chronological order.

v  RE-ORIENTATION
The conclusion of the experience.

SIGNIFICANT GRAMMAR FEATURES

ü  Focuses on individual participants.
ü  Use of material process.
ü  Circumstances of theme and places.
ü  Use of the past tense.
LANGUAGE FEATURES
Ø  Use of past tenses
(Ex: went, spent, played)
Ø  Use of time conjunctions
(Ex: and, but, after, then)
Ø  Use of adverbs of time in the past
(Ex: yesterday, last week, two days ago)
Ø  Use of personal pronoun
(Ex: I, we)

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> NARRATIVE TEXT


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A narrative text is a piece of writing that tells in from of fairy, tale, legend, fable, science, fiction, and myths.

Function:
a.       To entertain the readers.
b.      To teach or inform.
c.       To change social opinion.

GENERIC STRUCTURE
A narrative text can have as many paragraphs as the writers want. However, it mainly consists of three parts: Orientation, Sequence of Events / Complications, and Resolution.
-          ORIENTATION
This part presents the settings of the story and introduce the characters involved.
-          COMPLICATION
The story continues here. Usually, there is an event or a sequence of events that lead the characters into the a complication (some form of conflict that disrupts the normal event).
Tension stars to buildup to a climax, and this draw anticipation in the readers.
-          RESOLUTION
The problem stars to get resolved. Sometimes the story ends happily or vice versa, and at other times the resolution (the ending of the story) is left for the readers to decide.

Features:
·         Characters with define personalities / identities
·         Dialogue often include-tense may change to the present or the future.
·         Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.


Temporal Conjuction of Narrative Text:
o   Once upon a time
o   A long time ago
o   One day

Examples of Narrative Text:
ü  Short stories
ü  Folklore
ü  Legend

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> PROCEDURE TEXT


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Procedure text is a piece of text that gives us instruction for doing something.

The purpose of procedure text type is to explain how something can be done.

 The Characteristic of Procedure Text:
v  Using the simple present tense. Usually in imperative sentences.
v  Using relative pronoun temporal, likes first, second, then, next, finally
v  Using action verb, likes turn on, stir, and cook.

The Structure of Procedure Text:
Ø  An introductory statement that gives the aim or goal.
Ø  A list of materials that will be needed for completing the procedure.
Ø  A sequence of steps in the order they need to be done.

The language features usually found in a procedure text:
a)      The use of technical language.
b)      Sentences that begin with verbs and are stated as commands.
c)      The use of time words or numbers that tell the order for doing the procedure.
d)     The use of adverbs to tell how the action should be done.

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> PAST TENSE


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We use simple past tense to talk about  an action that happened in the past. We also use it to tell a story.
The time of signals that indicate such happenings are yesterday, this morning, just now, a few minutes ago, . . . ago (long, long time ago), and last . . .(last Monday, last week, etc).

Pattern:
~ Using be      : S + was/were + V1 + Complement
~ Using verbs : S + Vpast + Complement

The function of the simple past tense:
1.   To express that an action started and finished at the specific time in the past.
2.   To describe a habit which stopped in the past. To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as : always, often, usually, never, when, etc.
3.   To describe past fact6 or generalizations which are no longer true. Example: Grandpa didn’t like coffee before.

Kind of Past Tense:
~ Past Progressive Tense / Past Continous Tense.
~ Past Perfect Tense.
~ Past Perfect Progressive Tense.

Example of Simple Past Tense:
(+) The diligent boy studied last night.
(-) The diligent boy did not study last night.
(?) Did the diligent boy study last night.

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> PRESENT TENSE


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The simple present tense is used to express habits, general truth instructions or direction, fixed arrangement, etc.
~ Verbal Sentences.
            (+) S + V1 (-s/-es) + Object.
            (-)  S + do/does + not + V1 +  Object.
            (?) Do/does + S + V1 + Object + ?
~ Non Verbal Sentences.
            (+) S  +  to be  +  noun / adjective / adverb.
            (-)  S  +  to be + not + noun / adjective / adverb.
            (?) To be  + S + noun / adjective / adverb + ?

Adverb of time:
Always            Every
Never              Often
Seldom            Usually
Sometime        Once / Twice   etc

Examples:
(+) You are a teacher.
(-)  You are not a teacher.
(?) Are you a teacher?

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> GREETINGS


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Greetings is a way for human beings to intentionally communicate awareness of each other’s presence, to show attention to, and/or to affirm or suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other.
As many forms of communication, greetings habits are highly culture and situation. Specific and many changes within a culture dispending on social status and relationship : the [phenomenon] as such exists in all known human cultures though.
Greetings can be expressed both avdibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other then gestures.
Example:
How do you greet other people?
~ Good Morning / Afternoon / Evening / Night / nite.
~ Hi / Hello, Aiiu!
~ How everything with you?
~ How are you / How life / How are you getting along?
~ Fine thanks!
~ Pretty goods thanks!
~ I’m well, thanks.
~ Not bad, thanks. And you?
How do introduce yourself?
~ Let me introduce myself. My name is Ayu Maulida.
~ Hello, my name is Ayou!
~ Hi, I’m Aiiu!
How do you introduce other people?
~ I would like to introduce KiQy!
~ I would like you to meet agree.
~ Excuse me, let me introduce my new friend. Her name is KiQy.

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> VOCABS : SHAPES AND PART OF BODY


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Part of Body

The Body → Tubuh
1.Hair → Rambut
2.Head → Kepala
3.Neck → Leher
4.Throat → Tenggorokan
5.Shoulder → Bahu
6.Chest → Dada
7.Back → Punggung
8.Waist → Pinggung
9.Stomach/Tummy → Perut
10.Hip → Pinggul
11.Bottom → Pantat
12.Armpit → Ketiak
13.Arm → Lengan
14.Upper arm → Lengan Atas
15.Elbow → Siku
16.Forearm → Lengan Bawah
17.Wrist → Pergelangan Tangan
18.Fist → Kepalan Tangan
19.Hand → Tanagn
20.Palm → Tapak Tangan
21.Thumb → Ibu Jari
22.Finger → Jari Tangan
23.Nail → Kuku
24.Leg → Kaki
25.Thigh → Paha
26.Knee → Lutut
27.Calf → Betis
28.Ankle → Pergelangan Kaki
29.Foot → Kaki
30.Heel → Tumit
31.Instep → Kura-Kura Kaki
32.Sole → Tapak Kaki
33.Toes → Jari Kaki

The Skeleton → Rangka Manusia
1.Skull → Tengkorak
2.Collar-bone → Tulang Selangka
3.Shoulder-blade → Tulang Belikat
4.Ribs → Tulang Rusuk
5.Backbone/Spine → Tulang Belakang / Punggung
6.Breastbone → Tulang dada
7.Hip-bone/Pelvis → Tulang pinggul
8.Kneecap → Tulang Tempurung Kepala

The Face → Wajah / Muka
1.Eye → Mata
2.Noise → Hidung
3.Ear → Telinga
4.Mouth → Mulut
5.Cheek → Pipi
6.Chin → Dagu
7.Temple → Pelipis
8.Forehead/Brow → Dahi/Kenig
9.Jaw → Rahang
10.Moustache → Kumis
11.Beard → Janggut
12.Tooth → Gigi
13.Lip → Bibir
14.Tongue → Lidah

THE EYE → MATA
1.Eyeball → Bola Mata
2.Eyebrow → Alis Mata
3.Eyelid → Kelopak Mata
4.Eyelashes → Bulu Mata
5.Pupil → Manik Mata
6.Iris → Selaput Pelangi

THE INSIDES → ORGAN DALAM
1.Brain → Otak
2.Windpipe → Batang Tenggorokan
3.Heart → Jantung
4.Lung → Paru-Paru
5.Liver → Hati
6.Kidney → Ginjal
7.Intestines → Usus
8.Bladder → Kandung Kemis
9.Vein → Pembuluh Balik
10.Artery → Pembuluh Nadi
11.Muscle → Otot

SHAPES
*) Simple Straight Sided Shapes
Example : Rectangle (Persegi Panjang), Square (Persegi), Triangle (Segitiga).
*) Simple Rounded Shapes
Example : Circle (Lingkaran), Oval (Oval/Lonjong).
*) Types of Triangle
Example : Equilateral Triangle (Segitiga Sama Kaki), Isosceles Triangle (Segitiga Sama Sisi), Rightangled Triangle (Segitiga Siku-Siku).
*) 3D Shapes
Example : Cone (Kerucut), Cube (Kubus), Cylinder (Tabung), Pyramid (Limas), Rectangular (Balok), Prism (Prisma), Sphere (Bola).
*) Mathematical Shapes
Example ; Parallelogram (Jajargenjang), Pentagon-5 sides (Segi 5), Hexagon-6 sides (Segi 6), Octagen-8 sides (Segi 8).
*) Miscellaneous Shapes
Example ; Coffin, Diamond (Belah Ketupat), Heart (Hati), Kite (Layang-layang), Petal, Shell (Kerang/Tiram), Star (Bintang), Teardrop.

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