Dwi's Blog

A.SURPRISE
 the meaning of surprise
surprise is expression which someone show when get a surprise
surprise can have some valence,it can be neutral expression,pleasant or accodinglysome would not categories surprise in itself as an emotion of every human

expressing

• wow what a surprise
• that's a surprise
• really?
• what?
• are you serious?
• you're kidding!

responding

1. yeah!
2. it is!
3. yup!
4. sure!
5. it's true!
6. no,i'm not

DIALOG OF SURPRISE

ANDY    :did you know that heath ledger died?
AMY      :you're kidding
ANDY    :No i'm not. I read it in magazine this morning
AMY      :Oh my goodness!

B.DISBELIEFE
Disbeliefe is expression to not believe something or someone with reason or unreason

EXPRESSING

• I DON'T BELIVE IT!
• I JUST CAN'T BELIVE
• IT CAN'T BE TRUE
• IT'S UNBELIEVEBLE

DIALOG OF DISBELIEF
TEACHER  :Here is your test paper. actually,i can't believe it!
STUDENT  :What's matter sir?
TEACHER  :Im sorry you got a bad mark this time.did you have any problem?
STUDENT  : Yes sir, felt unwell during the test

1. Formal Invitation
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

2. Informal Invitation
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
  How to write an invitation
Step 1
before you write an invitation; decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.
Step 2
Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.
Step 3
Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'
Step 4
Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.
Step 5
Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.
R.S.V.P. stands for a French phrase, "répondez, s'il vous plaît," which means "please reply.“The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?
Step 6
Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.
Step 7
Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

• · Could you tell me…?
• · Do you know…?
• · Do you happen to know…?
• · I’d like to know…
• · Could you find out…?
• · I’m interested in…
• · I’m looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

• · I’m calling to find out…
• · I’m calling about…

The generic structure of narrative text :

Orientation : It sets the scene and introduces the participants (it answers the questions; Who, What, When and Where)



Resolution: Solving problems. The contents of the story, can end up with joy (happy ending) or could also end up with sadness (sad ending).

Reorietiation (optional) : The change which happens to the participants and the lessons we can learn from the story.

The kinds of narrative text :

Myth
A tradisional story which may describe the origins of the world, a place, and / or of people. It is considered a true sacred in he remote past.

Legend
A true story primarily about human heroes in the recent past and may feature some religious reference.

Folktale
A story which is regarded as fiction. It can be a non-sacred fictional story that occurs “once upon the time“ and features human and nonhuman characters.

Folklore A collection of fictional tales about people and / or animals. It include myth and tales.

EXAMPLE OF NARATIVE TEXT:

LUTUNG KASARUNG

PRABU Tapa Agung was an old king. He had two daughters, Purbararang and Purbasari. Prabu Tapa Agung planned to retire as a king. He wanted Purbasari to replace him as the leader of the kingdom.

Hearing this, Purbararang was angry. "You cannot ask her to be the queen, Father. I'm older than she is. It's supposed to be me, not her!" said Purbararang. But the king still chose Purbasari to be the next queen. Purbararang then set a bad plan with her fiance, Indrajaya. Together they went to a witch and asked her to put a spell on Purbasari. Later, Purbasari had bad skin. There were black dots all over her body. "You are not as beautiful as I am. You cannot be the queen. Instead, you have to leave this palace and stay in a jungle," said Purbararang. Purbasari was very sad. Now she had to stay in the jungle. Everyday she spent her time playing with some animals there.

There was one monkey that always tried to cheer her up. It was not just an ordinary monkey, he had magical power. And he also could talk with humans. The monkey's name was Lutung Kasarung. He was actually a god. His name was Sanghyang Gurumina.

Lutung Kasarung planned to help Purbasari. He made a small lake and asked her to take a bath there. Amazingly, her bad skin was cured. Now she got her beautiful skin back. After that, she asked Lutung Kasarung to accompany her to go back to the palace.

Purbararang was very shocked. She knew she had to come up with another bad idea. She then said, "Those who have longer hair will be the queen." The king then measured his daughters' hair. Purbasari had longer hair. But Purbararang did not give up. "A queen must have a handsome husband. If my fiance is more handsome than yours, then I will be the queen," said Purbararang.

Purbasari was sad. She knew Purbararang's fiance, Indrajaya, was handsome. And she did not have a fiance yet. "Here is my fiancé, Indrajaya. Where is yours?" asked Purbararang. Lutung Kasarung came forward. Purbararang was laughing very hard. "Your fiance is a monkey, ha ha ha." Suddenly, Lutung Kasarung changed into a very a handsome man. He was even more handsome than Indrajaya.

Purbasari then became the queen. She forgave Purbararang and her fiance and let them stay in the palace.

Modals in the past form
1. Could + Verb base
• To offer suggestions or possibilities
Example:
Jason : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Nate : Don’t worry, Jason. You could borrow my shorts.

Mitchie : I’m having trouble with English.
Demi : Why don’t you ask Tess? Perhaps she could help you.
• To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example:
Mitchie : Ras, can you climb the coconut tree?
Shane : Well… I could climb coconut tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Selena : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.
• To express polite requests
Example:
* Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
* Could you lend me your jacket now?
* Could you please close the door?
* Could you pass the salt?


2. Would + Verb base

• For an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example:
* When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
* On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.
• Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example:
Troy : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Ryan : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Gabriella : Which country would you rather visit?
Sharpay : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Nick : Would you mind cycling with me, Selena?
Selena : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Joey : Would you please pass the helmet, Mary?
Mary : No problem.


3. Should + Verb base

• To give definite advice (advisability)
Example:
Mom : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Mitchie : Joe : You should paint your door, Kevin. It looks terrible.
Kevin : Yes, I know I should.
• To express the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example:
* You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
* They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
* Application should be sent before March 13th.

4. Might + Verb base

• To tell possibilities
Example:
Nick : Where is Joe?
Kevin : He might be in the studio with Stella.
• To express polite requests
Example:
Demi : Might I borrow your coat?
Miley : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Hannah for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll retur

A. Direct Speech
Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech)
Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’...’’) and should be word for word.

B. Indirect Speech
Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

TENSE CHANGE
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too.
• Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.

Present Simple
Past tense
Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’.
Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken.

Past Simple
Past Perfect
Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’
Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future Simple
Past Future
Direct : Dheppy said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’.
Indirect : Dheppy said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after.

Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Direct : Sinta said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’
Indirect : Sinta said she was plating badminton.

Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’
Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlie

News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure of news item :
1. Newsworthy events
2. Backround events
3. Source
The text above is anews item in written form. It’s purpose is to inform the readers about event of the day which are considered newswort or important. The structure of this text type is :
1. Newsworthy event(s) : recont(s) the event(s) in a summary form.
2. Backround events : elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
3. Source : comments by participant, in witness to and autorities expert on the event.
Language feature of news item
1. Using action verbs
2. Using saying verbs
3. Using passive sentence

• There are some rules that an help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
• The passive voice is used without the appropriate from of ‘’be’’.
• It is unusual to find complex fprms, generally the simple prent form id used.
• The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
• To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
• Headlines are not alwasy complete sentences.

A: To get the best score is hard.
B: It is hard to get the best score.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory it. A and B the same thing, but the sentence B is more common mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand. Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

When the subject is clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying “That he was once a communist is true,” we say,” It is true that he was once a communist.”

Introductory it is also used with seem, appear, and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or clause.
It looked doubtful whether she would come.
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It seems possible that he may quit the job.
It appeared unwise to offend him.

It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.
Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.

The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.
Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
When the subject is an infinitive phrase, the sentence often begins with it. Instead of saying “To find fault with others is easy”, we say “It is easy to find the fault with others.”

When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. Instead of saying “Your trying to deceive us is no good,” we may say “It is no good your trying to deceive u

1. Formal expressions:
- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?
• Ways to respond:http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8250020700536643501
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.

2. Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t remember
• Ways to respond:
- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.
• Respond if you forget:
- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m afraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Emmm, let me think. No, it’s gone.
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example :
It was Sunday morning, Tia got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Tia : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Tia : Oh, my goodness. I thought it’s a school day

• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand on their own as complete sentences.
Example of finite verb :
• I study, she cook, Anto went
• Sidy has eaten when Rini come in. By it self, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb. When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.
• Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking
NON-FINITE VERB


Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.


Example of nonfinite verb

Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight

The infinitive can have the following forms:

The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle


For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.

For example:
• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
• He pretended to have seen the film.
• If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it

Simple future is used for describing job or action that will happened in the future. Simple future has two different forms in English: “will” and “be going to”.

Positive (+)
a) S + shall/will + V1
Example:
• I shall write a novel.
• They will play badminton.
• I will go to the market.

b) S + be + going + to + V1
Example:
• I am going to write a novel.
• They are going to play badminton.
• Dheppy is give a present to me.

Negative (-)
c) S + shall/will + not +V1 + O
Example:
• I shan’t write a novel.
• She won’t clean the room.
• You will not help him later.
• I will not take a nap soon.

d) S + to be + not + going to + V1 + O
Example:
• I am not going to party.
• He is not going to visit his grandparents next month.
• We are not going to clean the classroom.
Interrogative
e) Will + S + V1 + O
Example:
• Will you arrive on time?
• Will they want dinner?
• Will he swim very fast?

f) To be + S + going to + V1
Example:
• Am I going to visit my aunt?
• Are you buying a shirt?
• Is he going to write a novel?

Use of simple Future
1. Use “will” to express a voluntary action
Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?

2. Use “will” to express a promise
Examples:
• I will call you when I arrive.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• I won’t tell anyone your secret.


3. Use “be going to” to express a plan
Examples:
• He is going to spend his vacation in Bandung.
• I’m going to be an actress when I grow up.
• She is not going o spend her holiday in Jakarta.

4. Use “will” or “be going to” to express a prediction
Examples:
• The year 2212 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2212 is going to be a very interesting year.
• Alvin will be the next president